{
  "name": "genome-sequencing-costs",
  "title": "Genome Sequencing Costs",
  "description": "The cost of DNA sequencing has fallen faster than Moore's Law. Since 2001, the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) has tracked costs at its funded sequencing centers — from $95 million per genome in 2001 to around $500 today. A dramatic inflection occurred in 2008 with the arrival of next-generation sequencing, compressing a decade of cost reduction into a single year.",
  "homepage": "https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/DNA-Sequencing-Costs-Data",
  "version": "2022-05",
  "licenses": [
    {
      "name": "ODC-PDDL-1.0",
      "path": "http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/pddl/",
      "title": "Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and License v1.0"
    }
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)",
      "path": "https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/DNA-Sequencing-Costs-Data",
      "title": "DNA Sequencing Costs: Data"
    }
  ],
  "resources": [
    {
      "name": "sequencing-costs",
      "path": "data/sequencing_costs.csv",
      "format": "csv",
      "mediatype": "text/csv",
      "schema": {
        "fields": [
          {
            "name": "Date",
            "type": "date",
            "format": "any",
            "description": "Date of measurement (YYYY-MM)"
          },
          {
            "name": "Cost per Mb",
            "type": "number",
            "description": "Cost in USD to sequence one megabase (one million bases) of DNA at a specified quality"
          },
          {
            "name": "Cost per Genome",
            "type": "number",
            "description": "Cost in USD to sequence a complete human-sized genome (~3.2 billion base pairs)"
          }
        ]
      }
    }
  ],
  "views": [
    {
      "name": "cost-per-genome",
      "title": "Cost to Sequence a Human Genome",
      "description": "From $95 million in 2001 to $525 today — a 181,000× reduction, 154× faster than Moore's Law. The 2008 arrival of next-generation sequencing caused costs to drop 9× in just 9 months. Since 2015, costs have plateaued around $500–1,500, suggesting diminishing returns from current technology.",
      "resources": ["sequencing-costs"],
      "specType": "plot",
      "spec": {
        "dateFields": ["Date"],
        "height": 420,
        "marginLeft": 80,
        "x": { "label": null },
        "y": {
          "label": "Cost per Genome (USD)",
          "type": "log",
          "tickFormat": "$,.0s",
          "domain": [300, 200000000],
          "grid": false
        },
        "marks": [
          {
            "type": "ruleX",
            "staticData": [{ "x": "2008-01-01" }],
            "x": "x",
            "stroke": "#9ca3af",
            "strokeDasharray": "4,4",
            "tip": false
          },
          {
            "type": "line",
            "staticData": [
              { "x": "2001-09-01", "y": 95263072 },
              { "x": "2022-05-01", "y": 80909 }
            ],
            "x": "x", "y": "y",
            "stroke": "#9ca3af",
            "strokeDasharray": "5,4",
            "tip": false
          },
          {
            "type": "line",
            "x": "Date",
            "y": "Cost per Genome",
            "stroke": "#374151",
            "sort": "Date",
            "tip": false
          },
          {
            "type": "dot",
            "x": "Date",
            "y": "Cost per Genome",
            "fill": "#374151",
            "r": 2.5,
            "opacity": 0.8,
            "tip": true
          },
          {
            "type": "text",
            "staticData": [{ "x": "2008-03-01", "y": 50000000, "label": "Next-gen sequencing (2008)" }],
            "x": "x", "y": "y", "text": "label",
            "stroke": "#6b7280",
            "fontSize": 11,
            "textAnchor": "start"
          },
          {
            "type": "text",
            "staticData": [{ "x": "2014-01-01", "y": 2000000, "label": "Moore's Law trajectory" }],
            "x": "x", "y": "y", "text": "label",
            "stroke": "#9ca3af",
            "fontSize": 11,
            "textAnchor": "start"
          },
          {
            "type": "text",
            "staticData": [
              { "x": "2008-08-01", "y": 900000, "label": "$1M" },
              { "x": "2011-11-01", "y": 6800, "label": "$10K" },
              { "x": "2019-03-01", "y": 860, "label": "$1K" }
            ],
            "x": "x", "y": "y", "text": "label",
            "stroke": "#374151",
            "fontSize": 10,
            "textAnchor": "start",
            "dx": 6
          }
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}